This paper analyses the role that the Stewardship Codes can play in regulating the voting decisions of institutional investors in the shareholders’ meetings of the companies in which they have invested. The issue is particularly relevant if we consider that the European directive on the rights of the shareholders, starting from the assumption that the lack of interest of shareholders in listed companies has been one of the factors behind the financial crisis of 2007/2008, insofar as it encouraged speculative behavior by managers, assigns to institutional investors the task of monitoring the conduct of directors and exercising their voting rights (‘engagement’) in order to ensure the balanced growth of the value of the shares that is sustainable in the long term. However, this approach of the European legislator comes up against a series of uncertainties. Firstly, the technical meaning of terms such as ‘engagement’, ‘stewardship’ or ‘activism’ of institutional investors is unclear. Secondly, there is doubt as to whether institutional investors have adequate incentives to exercise careful and continuous monitoring of investee companies. At least in the case of traditional investors, in fact, the diversification of investment portfolios and the consequent reduced size of the shareholdings held in each individual company could render the option of disinvestment (exit) more efficient than the option of voting in the shareholders’ meeting (voice), which requires the costly acquisition and processing of information on subjects on the agenda of the various shareholders’ meetings, with the further disadvantage that other investors could take advantage of the increase in value resulting from such activities without incurring any economic burden (so-called ‘free riding’). Finally, one can raise legal doubts about the possibility for multiple ‘activist’ investors to adopt forms of functional coordination to counteract directors’ decisions considered inefficient or to activate insider information channels with the board of directors of the issuer in order to start a dialogue on the strategies that the issuer intends to pursue in the management of the company. Therefore, against the framework described above, this study is aimed at understanding how stewardship codes can stimulate institutional investors’ ‘engagement’ activities. After a brief historical reconstruction of the origins of shareholder activism and clarification of the meaning to be attributed to the definitions of ‘engagement’ (understood as a technique of dialogue with the issuer management) and ‘stewardship’ (understood as a set of initiatives with which asset managers protect the value of their beneficial owners’ investment), this paper tackles both the problem of the lack of engagement incentives, emphasising the role that the so-called. ‘passive’ funds (i.e. those that pursue investment policies intended to reproduce faithfully the composition of the market indexes) can play in guiding the management of the issuer in a long-term perspective and the problem of the legislative and regulatory rules applicable to institutional investor engagement. In addition, the paper emphasises the ‘signposting’ function that adherence to a stewardship code is able to develop with regard both to the market and the issuer itself, in terms of the seriousness of the commitment with which the investor intends to foster the prospect of sustainable creation of value in the long term. Finally, certain solutions are analysed that could help to enhance the role of the stewardship codes: i) the assignment of a rating to the methods with which the code has been implemented by the individual institutional investor; ii) the anticipation of regulatory obligations of transparency concerning these method; iii) the formulation of a rule, based on the law or case law, which promotes the timely and continuous application of the corporate governance provisions as a relevant index of adequacy of the investment processes and organizational structures of the intermediary.
Il lavoro si propone di analizzare il ruolo che i codici di autoregolamentazione (c.d. “codici di stewardship”) possono svolgere nel disciplinare le scelte di voto degli investitori istituzionali nelle assemblee delle società in cui hanno investito. Il tema riveste particolare attualità se si considera che la direttiva europea sui diritti degli azionisti, partendo dal presupposto che il disinteresse dei soci nelle società quotate sia stato uno dei fattori all’origine della crisi finanziaria del 2007/2008 in quanto avrebbe favorito comportamenti speculativi dei manager, assegna agli investitori istituzionali il compito di monitorare la condotta degli amministratori e di esercitare i propri diritti sociali (c.d. “engagement”) al fine di assicurare una crescita di valore delle azioni equilibrata e sostenibile nel lungo periodo. Questa impostazione del legislatore europeo si confronta tuttavia con una serie di incertezze. In primo luogo, non è chiaro il significato tecnico di vocaboli come “engagement”, “stewardship” o “attivismo” degli investitori istituzionali, né in cosa consistano le differenze tra i fenomeni designati con questi vocaboli. In secondo luogo, si può dubitare che gli investitori istituzionali dispongano dei necessari incentivi per esercitare un monitoraggio attento e continuativo sulle scelte del management delle società partecipate. Almeno nel caso degli investitori tradizionali, infatti, la diversificazione del portafoglio e la conseguente ridotta entità dei pacchetti azionari detenuti in ogni singola società potrebbe rendere più efficiente l’opzione del disinvestimento (exit) rispetto a quella del voto in assemblea (voice), la quale richiede una costosa attività di acquisizione ed elaborazione di informazioni sulle materie all’ordine del giorno delle varie assemblee, con l’ulteriore svantaggio che altri investitori potrebbero profittare dell’incremento di valore derivante da tale attività senza sostenere alcun onere economico (c.d. “free riding”). Vi sono, infine, dubbi di carattere giuridico in ordine alla possibilità per una molteplicità di investitori “attivisti” di adottare forme di coordinamento funzionali a contrastare decisioni degli amministratori considerate inefficienti o ad attivare canali informativi privilegiati con il consiglio di amministrazione dell’emittente al fine di avviare un dialogo sulle strategie che quest’ultimo intende perseguire nella gestione della società. Il quadro appena delineato giustifica, pertanto, uno studio volto a tentare di comprendere quali siano gli spazi di intervento per l’autodisciplina in materia di “engagement” degli investitori istituzionali e dei gestori di attivi. Dopo una breve ricostruzione storica sulle origini del fenomeno dell’attivismo azionario e un chiarimento del significato da attribuire al concetto di “engagement” (inteso come tecnica di confronto/dialogo con il management dell’emittente) e a quello di “stewardship” (inteso come insieme di iniziative con le quali i gestori di attivi proteggono il valore dell’investimento dei propri beneficial owners), il quaderno affronta sia il problema della carenza di incentivi all’engagement, sottolineando il ruolo che i fondi c.d. “passivi” (e cioè quelli che perseguono politiche di investimento volte a riprodurre fedelmente la composizione degli indici di mercato) possono assumere nell’orientare la gestione dell’emittente a una prospettiva di lungo termine, sia il problema delle regole di fonte legislativa e regolamentare applicabili all’engagement degli investitori istituzionali, giungendo alla conclusione dell’inesistenza di limiti giuridici a un ampio dispiegarsi dell’engagement. Nella parte conclusiva, il lavoro sottolinea la funzione “segnaletica” che l’adesione a un codice di stewardship è in grado di sviluppare sia nei confronti del mercato sia nei confronti della stessa società emittente in ordine alla serietà dell’impegno con il quale l’investitore intende coltivare una prospettiva di creazione sostenibile di valore nel lungo periodo. In tale prospettiva, vengono analizzate, infine, talune soluzioni che potrebbero contribuire a rivalutare il ruolo dei codici di autodisciplina degli investitori istituzionali: dall’attribuzione di un rating alle modalità con le quali il codice è stato attuato dal singolo investitore istituzionale, alla previsione di obblighi normativi di trasparenza in ordine a tali modalità sino ad arrivare alla formulazione di una regola, di fonte legale o giurisprudenziale, la quale consenta di valorizzare la puntuale e continuativa applicazione delle disposizioni autodisciplinari alla stregua di un indice rilevante di adeguatezza dei processi di investimento e degli assetti organizzativi dell’intermediario.
Investitori istituzionali, governo societario e codici di stewardship: problemi e prospettive
MAUGERI M;
2019-01-01
Abstract
This paper analyses the role that the Stewardship Codes can play in regulating the voting decisions of institutional investors in the shareholders’ meetings of the companies in which they have invested. The issue is particularly relevant if we consider that the European directive on the rights of the shareholders, starting from the assumption that the lack of interest of shareholders in listed companies has been one of the factors behind the financial crisis of 2007/2008, insofar as it encouraged speculative behavior by managers, assigns to institutional investors the task of monitoring the conduct of directors and exercising their voting rights (‘engagement’) in order to ensure the balanced growth of the value of the shares that is sustainable in the long term. However, this approach of the European legislator comes up against a series of uncertainties. Firstly, the technical meaning of terms such as ‘engagement’, ‘stewardship’ or ‘activism’ of institutional investors is unclear. Secondly, there is doubt as to whether institutional investors have adequate incentives to exercise careful and continuous monitoring of investee companies. At least in the case of traditional investors, in fact, the diversification of investment portfolios and the consequent reduced size of the shareholdings held in each individual company could render the option of disinvestment (exit) more efficient than the option of voting in the shareholders’ meeting (voice), which requires the costly acquisition and processing of information on subjects on the agenda of the various shareholders’ meetings, with the further disadvantage that other investors could take advantage of the increase in value resulting from such activities without incurring any economic burden (so-called ‘free riding’). Finally, one can raise legal doubts about the possibility for multiple ‘activist’ investors to adopt forms of functional coordination to counteract directors’ decisions considered inefficient or to activate insider information channels with the board of directors of the issuer in order to start a dialogue on the strategies that the issuer intends to pursue in the management of the company. Therefore, against the framework described above, this study is aimed at understanding how stewardship codes can stimulate institutional investors’ ‘engagement’ activities. After a brief historical reconstruction of the origins of shareholder activism and clarification of the meaning to be attributed to the definitions of ‘engagement’ (understood as a technique of dialogue with the issuer management) and ‘stewardship’ (understood as a set of initiatives with which asset managers protect the value of their beneficial owners’ investment), this paper tackles both the problem of the lack of engagement incentives, emphasising the role that the so-called. ‘passive’ funds (i.e. those that pursue investment policies intended to reproduce faithfully the composition of the market indexes) can play in guiding the management of the issuer in a long-term perspective and the problem of the legislative and regulatory rules applicable to institutional investor engagement. In addition, the paper emphasises the ‘signposting’ function that adherence to a stewardship code is able to develop with regard both to the market and the issuer itself, in terms of the seriousness of the commitment with which the investor intends to foster the prospect of sustainable creation of value in the long term. Finally, certain solutions are analysed that could help to enhance the role of the stewardship codes: i) the assignment of a rating to the methods with which the code has been implemented by the individual institutional investor; ii) the anticipation of regulatory obligations of transparency concerning these method; iii) the formulation of a rule, based on the law or case law, which promotes the timely and continuous application of the corporate governance provisions as a relevant index of adequacy of the investment processes and organizational structures of the intermediary.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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