The development of distributed ledger technologies, primarily the Blockchain, allows for the creation of so-called “smart contracts”, characterised by the self-execution of contractual clauses without the need for human intervention, and generally excluding the possibility of interrupting such execution or modifying the content. In European contract law, standard contractual terms are subject to restrictions which also appear to be applicable to “smart contracts”. The Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights provides for various rights and related information obligations, for the exercise and compliance of which, on the one hand, it is also necessary to use a text written in natural language. On the other hand, in current practice, the contractual forms are usually not drawn up in advance by one of the parties for a multitude of contracts, but are prepared by the suppliers of platforms for smart contracts. Therefore, the professional must verify that the information required by the consumer law is included in them, or integrate with the missing information. The specific method of drafting the computer code, then, may be relevant for the purposes of configuring various protection hypotheses provided for in the consumer law, as well as the possible exercise of the right of withdrawal. Lastly, the EU directives 2019/770 and 2019/771 on contracts for the supply of digital content and services and for the sale of goods in which such content and services are incorporated or interconnected, subject the terms of “smart contracts” to a consistency with respect to what has been agreed and suitability for the use of the content or service provided.
Lo sviluppo di tecnologie di registro distribuito tra cui in primis la Blockchain consente di creare cd. “contratti intelligenti”, caratterizzati dall’auto-esecuzione delle clausole contrattuali senza la necessità dell’intervento umano, ed in genere esclusa la possibilità di interrompere tale esecuzione o modificare il contenuto. Nel diritto contrattuale europeo, i termini contrattuali standard sono soggetti a restrizioni che paiono applicabili anche ai “contratti intelligenti”. La direttiva 2011/83/UE sui diritti dei consumatori prevede diversi diritti e correlati obblighi di informazione, per l’esercizio ed il rispetto dei quali, da un lato, appare necessario utilizzare anche un testo redatto in linguaggio naturale. Dall’altro, nella prassi attuale, i moduli contrattuali solitamente non sono redatti in anticipo da una parte per una moltitudine di contratti, bensì vengono predisposti dai fornitori di piattaforme per smart contracts. Pertanto, il professionista dovrà verificare che in essi siano inserite le informazioni previste dalla disciplina consumeristica, ovvero integrare con le informazioni mancanti. La specifica modalità di redazione del codice informatico, poi, potrà rilevare ai fini della configurabilità di diverse ipotesi di tutela previste nella disciplina consumeristica, nonché dell’eventuale esercizio del diritto di recesso. Da ultimo, le direttive UE 2019/770 e 2019/771 sui contratti per la fornitura di contenuti e servizi digitali e di vendita di beni in cui siano incorporati o interconnessi tali contenuti e servizi sottopongono i termini dei “contratti intelligenti” ad una verifica di coerenza rispetto a quanto pattuito e di adeguatezza all’utilizzo del contenuto o servizio fornito.
Tutele dei contraenti deboli negli smart contracts
STAZI A
2022-01-01
Abstract
The development of distributed ledger technologies, primarily the Blockchain, allows for the creation of so-called “smart contracts”, characterised by the self-execution of contractual clauses without the need for human intervention, and generally excluding the possibility of interrupting such execution or modifying the content. In European contract law, standard contractual terms are subject to restrictions which also appear to be applicable to “smart contracts”. The Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights provides for various rights and related information obligations, for the exercise and compliance of which, on the one hand, it is also necessary to use a text written in natural language. On the other hand, in current practice, the contractual forms are usually not drawn up in advance by one of the parties for a multitude of contracts, but are prepared by the suppliers of platforms for smart contracts. Therefore, the professional must verify that the information required by the consumer law is included in them, or integrate with the missing information. The specific method of drafting the computer code, then, may be relevant for the purposes of configuring various protection hypotheses provided for in the consumer law, as well as the possible exercise of the right of withdrawal. Lastly, the EU directives 2019/770 and 2019/771 on contracts for the supply of digital content and services and for the sale of goods in which such content and services are incorporated or interconnected, subject the terms of “smart contracts” to a consistency with respect to what has been agreed and suitability for the use of the content or service provided.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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