Directors’ duties relating to the governance of business risks are one of the most difficult issues of corporate law. In dealing with this topic, the paper moves from the perception of a fundamental clash which seems to characterize the scientific debate in Italy. On the one hand, the business judgment rule prevents the courts from reviewing the decisions of the directors, except in the case of manifest irrationality or "excessive" risk-taking. On the other hand, however, the current interpretation of Article 2381, paragraph 5, of the Italian Civil Code, which requires the company to implement an "adequate" organizational, administrative and accounting structure, opens to a judicial review on the merits of the choices made by the board of directors regarding that structure. As a result, both courts and scholars obliterate an essential profile of the problem, which is that the moment of risk “assumption” is inextricably linked with that of its "management". After having clarified the conceptual differences between “legal” risk (which is beyond the scope of directors’ powers) and "economic" risk (which has to be systematically taken in the ordinary course of business in order to ensure the company’s profitability), the Article proceeds to select certain limits upon the completion of risky transactions by the directors, focusing in particular on the role played by the corporate purpose, by the financial structure of the company and by the principle of going concern. The latter profile, above all, proves to be essential for the Article’s purposes, helping to give concrete meaning to the prohibition of "excessive" risk-taking as well as to clarify the extent to which risk can serve as a "technical" limit to the delegation of functions by the board of directors. The paper concludes with final remarks on the directors’ duty to establish an integrated system of risk management and on the boundaries within which a judicial review on the fulfillment of such duty is conceivable.
Il lavoro, dedicato all’esame degli obblighi gravanti sugli amministatori di s.p.a. nel «governo» del rischio d’impresa, muove dalla constatazione di un’aporia di fondo che sembra caratterizzare il dibattito scientifico in materia. Da un lato, infatti, si afferma la insindacabilità delle decisioni degli amministratori le quali, in forza della business judgment rule, potrebbero essere censurate in sede giudiziale solo nei casi di manifesta irrazionalità o di assunzione di rischi “eccessivi”. Dall’altro, però, facendo leva sul precetto di «adeguatezza» dell’assetto organizzativo, amministrativo e contabile dell’impresa ai sensi dell’art. 2381, comma 5, c.c. si apre ad un riscontro giudiziale sul merito delle scelte compiute dall’organo amministrativo in ordine alla concreta conformazione di quell’assetto. Così obliterandosi un profilo essenziale del problema e cioè che il momento della assunzione del rischio non può essere disgiunto da quello della organizzazione degli assetti volti alla sua “gestione”. Dopo aver chiarito le differenze intercorrenti tra rischio «giuridico» (insensibile a qualsiasi forma di ponderazione da parte degli amministratori) e rischio «economico» (che si tratta, invece, di assumere in modo sistematico nell’esercizio dell’impresa e al fine di assicurarne la redditività) e dopo avere altresì separato i rischi relativi all’atto da quelli concernenti l’intera attività, il lavoro procede a selezionare taluni limiti al compimento di operazioni rischiose da parte degli amministratori: concentrandosi, in particolare, sul ruolo svolto in proposito dall’oggetto sociale, dalla struttura finanziaria dell’impresa (intesa quale rapporto tra indebitamento e mezzi propri) e dal principio di continuità aziendale. Quest’ultimo profilo, soprattutto, si rivela centrale ai fini dell’inquadramento del problema, contribuendo a dare concreta valenza operativa al divieto di assunzione di rischi “eccessivi” e a precisare in che misura il rischio possa fungere da limite “tecnico” al conferimento di una delega di funzioni amministrative. Lo scritto si chiude con rilievi finali sull’obbligo degli amministratori, in società dimensionalmente non minime, di istituire un sistema integrato di risk management e sui confini entro i quali sia ammissibile un sindacato giudiziale sull’esatto adempimento di quell’obbligo.
Note in tema di doveri degli amministratori nel governo del rischio di impresa (non bancaria)
MAUGERI M
2014-01-01
Abstract
Directors’ duties relating to the governance of business risks are one of the most difficult issues of corporate law. In dealing with this topic, the paper moves from the perception of a fundamental clash which seems to characterize the scientific debate in Italy. On the one hand, the business judgment rule prevents the courts from reviewing the decisions of the directors, except in the case of manifest irrationality or "excessive" risk-taking. On the other hand, however, the current interpretation of Article 2381, paragraph 5, of the Italian Civil Code, which requires the company to implement an "adequate" organizational, administrative and accounting structure, opens to a judicial review on the merits of the choices made by the board of directors regarding that structure. As a result, both courts and scholars obliterate an essential profile of the problem, which is that the moment of risk “assumption” is inextricably linked with that of its "management". After having clarified the conceptual differences between “legal” risk (which is beyond the scope of directors’ powers) and "economic" risk (which has to be systematically taken in the ordinary course of business in order to ensure the company’s profitability), the Article proceeds to select certain limits upon the completion of risky transactions by the directors, focusing in particular on the role played by the corporate purpose, by the financial structure of the company and by the principle of going concern. The latter profile, above all, proves to be essential for the Article’s purposes, helping to give concrete meaning to the prohibition of "excessive" risk-taking as well as to clarify the extent to which risk can serve as a "technical" limit to the delegation of functions by the board of directors. The paper concludes with final remarks on the directors’ duty to establish an integrated system of risk management and on the boundaries within which a judicial review on the fulfillment of such duty is conceivable.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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